Consequences Of The Digital Divide Education Essay

Consequences Of The Digital Divide Education EssayThe primary concern is exclusion social and otherwise. Each year, being digitally connected buzz offs ever much critical to economic, educational, and social advancement. Those without the charm tools (in terms of PCs and Internet connectivity) and applicable skills will become increasingly disadvantaged.As ICT becomes ever more pervasive those elements of society without rile will be further disenfranchised in terms ofFewer employment opportunities Restricted access to information and foul Increasingly basic facilities such as email, consumer services, financial services, etc.Reasons behind the Digital DivideAt the most basic level the digital sort arises where individuals or chemical groups of individuals have no or inadequate access to PCs connected to the Internet. It follows that addressing this problem by providing access should be a constructive measure in terms of reducing the secernate. That being said the underlying causes of the allot are in all probability more complex. Research in the USA has identify the following issuesIncome ends. There are wide disparities amongst income groups. The better off are far more belike to have PCs and Internet connections than others. Those with income in excess of $75K are 20 times more likely to have Internet access than those at the lowest income level. Education. The better educated are statistically more likely to have and use connected PCs. In particular those with college degrees or higher are ten times more likely to have access. Only 6.6% of race with an elementary school education or slight use the Internet. Location. Rural areas relative to cities generally experience lower levels of connectivity. Rural areas in particular regress behind cities in terms of broadband access. Age. People over the age of 50 have been less likely to use PCs and the Internet. Less than 30% of this group were connected in 2000. Those over 50 and in employment are t hree times more likely to have access than individuals not in employment. Single parent families. Two parent families are more than twice as likely to have Internet access than single families. Further, the oportion in keep an eye on of female-headed single families in cities is significantly lower. Disabilities. Although 25% of the able bodied have never used a PC the proportion for the disabled rises to 60%. In general the disabled are half as likely to use PCs and have Internet access. Among those with a disability, community who have impaired vision and problems with manual(a) dexterity have even lower pass judgment of Internet access and are less likely to use a computer regularly than people with hearing and mobility problems. This difference holds in the aggregate, as well as across age groups. Race and ethnic groups. Large gaps exist regarding Internet penetration rates among households of different races and ethnic origins. Further, large gaps remain when measured again st the National average for Internet penetration.Differences in income and education do not fully account for this facet of the digital divide. Estimates of what Internet access rates for this group would be had they had income and education levels in line with the Nation as a whole show that these 2 actors account for approximately 50% of the differences.Additional FactorsHome accessTo the extent that the digital divide is a function of PC and Internet access it is impound to question the qualitative aspects of access. Internet kiosks for example may provide cheap Internet access and whilst appropriate for certain tasks they arguably provide a less satisfactory experience for other Web activities. The real question therefore becomes whether the type of access provided lends itself to the full range of activities available to connected users. It is possible that the divide will not be bridged unless home access becomes fully available. To the extent that this is impracticable a n alternative would be to provide common access points unfastened of providing an appropriate experience.BroadbandThe digital divide is not just a function of access speed of access is also important or is likely to become so. Until recently for most users the speed of access has been limited to traditional modems. Although modem technology has increased significantly over the last ten years and is now capable of offering data throughput of up to 56K bits per second that speed is a small fraction of what is likely to be required in the next few years. Unless this factor is recognised there is a danger that the current digital divide could be reduced merely to find that it re-opens due to a vast difference in speed available to some but not all users. In short the digital divide of the (not too distant) future may be one of access speed.Closing the GapAs indicated above, measures to provide appropriate access are likely to have a beneficial impact. Indeed US data from August 2000 cl aims that schools, libraries, and other public access points continue to serve those groups that do not have home access. The use of those facilities however is not coherent and they are more likely to be used by some groups than other.Equally given the complex nature of the underlying problems it is unlikely that improved access will of itself provide the whole answer.With respect to the UK it would be inappropriate to assume that the same underlying factors creating the divide in North America obtain albeit that there are likely to be strong similarities. Research is necessary (if it has not already been undertaken) to identify the true causes. Once identified targeted action can be taken by addressing the detailed needs of specific groups in particular locations.If, following research, home access was found to be significant element of the divide new strategies would need to be formulated to address that requirement. For example cut-down or recycled PCs could be offered in conju nction with community based Internet access lines.The infrastructual reasons for the lact of in effect(p) ICT in less econmically developed countries is the fact that there is a lack of secondary euquipment, suitable electric power, and training. This therefore leads to people not being as experienced in the technology they are using. Also, they depend alot on Multinational Corporations meaning they have to wait for the funds then just using the money straight off. Also, it is much easier to purchase as you are buying a physcial package rather than downloading the package. Also, if you dont have internet access, this will be very useful. Also, microcomputers and personalised computers have become very popular in terms of ICT because of the reduction in price.Computer-aid projects havnt been so successful. Extensive under-ultilization of equipment and major computer based projects have failed. It hasnt been as successfull in the majority of countries when it should only be the min ority.These projects have failed because of the lack of secondary equipment, suitable electric power and training. Also, the governments of the countries involved havnt set up any strategical buying plans so everything comes in bluk or too little software comes meaning more or less people need training. Also, there is a lack of avaiable resources to maintain the ICT.Identified computer skills that are lack are systems analysis, programming, maintainace, consulting, operational levels from basic use to management.The lack of buisness skills which are identified as a major problem is the fact that buisness are buying software which no one is apt in. They need to plan which software to buy, and whether their staff are trained in this area of ICT. Also, the employees have a lack of skills to begin with meaning they cant use the software.

Child abuse and neglect

baby vilification and slacknessChild Abuse Real-life vs. A Child C on the wholeed It According to the US informative Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, about 4,000,000 pip-squeakren die each year as a leave of shaver abuse and neglect (Bob 12). Child abuse refers to nonaccidental harm that is inflicted on children by their parents or otherwise adults (Magill 218). galore(postnominal) people do not take child abuse skillfully because they every believe that harsh discipline is necessary, or they do not realize how bad it really is. Both child abuse and neglect are serious social problems that often have a lasting negative impact on the development of minors (Magill 218). Due to the incredibly violent and graphic constitution of A Child Called It, readers may not believe the encounters are factual. However, they nearly regrettably are true. The abusive actions in A Child Called It parallel those of real-life child abuse cases. Abuse largely occurs in families who are young, poor, and single (Palmisano 228). When families are going through hard times, there is a lot of stress that comes along with it. With all of this stress, the parents take it out on their children. Having a crisis in the home heightens the chances that a child will be abused (Bob 15). A familys relationship is a very important part of the system in the household. Domestic violence and parental issues are also contri merelying problems in reoccurring child abuse cases. Parents who abuse each other are more likely to abuse their child as well, because violence in one aspect of family life often flows into other aspects (Rein 54). Families in which the wife hits the husband, the child abuse rate was considerably higher, resulting in 22.9 children per one hundred children (Rein 54). There has also been found a correlation amidst family income and child abuse and neglect, (Rein 52). Child abuse cases are more likely to occur in households where money is in short supply, especially if th e caregivers are idle (Bob 15). Difficulty in the family structure can also trigger child abuse. Children in single-family households were at higher risk of physical abuse and all types of neglect than were children in other family structures (Rein 51). In A Child Called It Dave Pelzer suffers child abuse at the hands of his alcoholic mother. It was not like this all the time. At firstly she was a loving and caring mother, and then she changed dramatically. Together they used to have great times. They would always spend all their time together, going to the zoo and the park, until the family soft started to split apart. Pelzers father was a firefighter, so he worked many twenty-four hour shifts, which caused problems between him and his wife. If parents are having problems in their relationship, then they take out their ira on others. In Pelzers situation, his mother took care of all her feelings by drinking and abusing her son. Most people believe that the fathers are abusers b ecause they are bigger and stronger, but it is mostly the women. In fact, there are many households where the woman of the family beats the man 80% of fatal ill-treatment cases were attributed to women, that is for both child abuse, and spouse abuse (Carey 23). Many people believe that women are not capable of child abuse because of their maternal instinct, but woman are the abusive ones. According to Carey, 58% of child abuse is by the mother. Many abusers inflict abuse onto their kids because that is how they grew up. The severity of child abuse, and the manner in which children are abused, bears a strong resemblance to the type of maltreatment experienced by their mothers (Kim 54). Another big contributing factor to child abuse is substance abuse. There are some cases where there is do drugs abuse, but the most common substance is alcohol. According to the Children of Alcoholics Foundation, 40 percent of confirmed child abuse cases involve the use of alcohol or other drugs (Kim 5 4). In most cases, with or without depression as a factor, studies indicate that a major contributing factor to child abuse is alcohol or drug addiction (Kim 54). In A Child Called It, the abuse is done by Pelzers alcoholic mother. With the father gone, the mother made herself useless and drunk. At times temporary hookup Father was away at work, she would spend the entire day lying on the couch, dressed still in her bathrobe, watching television. Mom got up only to go to the bathroom, get another drink or heat leftover food (Pelzer 30). Shortly after this phase of being lazy, she started to abuse her son, with alcohol at her side. Whenever child abuse is suspected, the most important thing to do is to report it. Many people do not report child abuse, which may result in the child dying. There are so many reasons that people do not report child abuse, and it becomes a big mistake 60% failed to report child maltreatment because they did not have enough evidence that the child had be en maltreated (Rein 23). Whether there is a lot of evidence or not, all child abuse suspicions should be reported because it could save a childs life. Also, around 16% failed to report because they did not think CPS would do a good job (Rein 23). Whether it is believed that they would do a good job or not, letting someone know what is going on can make the smallest difference in a childs life. One-third of the mandated reporters thought the abuse was not serious enough to warrant reporting (Rein 23). There are many organizations today that will servicing if there is suspected child abuse, without putting the victim in any further danger. For example, there are the Societies for the Cruelty to Children, American Human Association, Child well-being League, National Council on Child Abuse and Family Violence, and much more (Dolan 60-68). In A Child Called It all of the teachers knew about Pelzers abuse but did not submit anything. According to Pelzer, every day when he walked into s chool he went to the nurse for their daily routine. She would ask him to remove his clothes and check all over his eubstance for new marks. All of the teachers knew but were afraid to say something. Mr. Hansen, one of the teachers that knew about this, even called home one night to talk to his mother. When Pelzer got home that night he got a beating because of it. Child abuse is a serious crime. Many people are afraid to intervene, but they should. Many people do not really believe that child abuse is as bad as they hear from different stories, but it really is. In A Child Called It, most things that happen in real life child abuse cases, was present in the book. In both real life and in Pelzers story, the family was experiencing trouble in the structure and relationships. Also, the abuser was the mother figure. And the worse thing of all is the community negligence. Many people do not say anything, whether what they suspect is really disaster or not. Child abuse is real and Dave Pelzer experienced it first hand.

The Demand Of Petroleum Products In Ghana Economics Essay

The Demand Of Petroleum Products In Ghana Economics EssayOver decades, thither has been no commodity cost that has received so much attention predictions and speculations than harsh rock oil legal injury. However, intellectuals endlessly fail in their predictions to produce the expected proves. Crude oil in its pilot state has no value to the consumer until it is transformed into giveable products such as Liquefied unsanded Gas (LPG), kerosene, Gasoline, diesel motor and other petrochemicals.1In most countries, labour fuels (Gasoline and diesel engine) are al delegacys dominant than other petrochemicals. But Liquefied Petroleum Gas and other natural gas are becoming more gross in todays global oil and gas industry.2Like any other commodity in the market, the expenses of these products as well as their withdraw, keep responding to changes in flagrant oil set and other market conditions. This movement in fuel charges causes worry among pundits, politicians and everyo ne who uses these products. Petroleum products get to the final consumer or to the market through incompatible channels. The sales of these products also vary from one market or geographical location to another. Refiners either sell to wholesalers or sell to company-owned or company franchised retail sites.3For example, in the United States of America, the open market dominates and has a great grapple of the market. However, in countries such as Malaysia, Mexico and most developing countries internal Oil fri expiryship (NOC) own retail outlets and hypermarkets control majority share of the oil colour product market. In most West Afri dismiss countries one crowd out raze visualise by the roadside, these products filled in bottles and jars for sale.4This certifys how important these products are in the day to day activities of consumers.Ghana imports crude needs from other countries to meet almost each of its crude needs and as such face the consequences of price volatiliti es. Ghana like most other developing countries is faced with the problem of a price scheme of petroleum products that go forth be acceptable to the population and which will not also cripple the economy. This is because the government of the day always subsidize the prices of these products as a way of reducing the impact on the ordinary Ghanaian consumer5. Since 2000, there has been a consistent rise in the employment train of petroleum products even though the prices of these products keep increase6. Many thrust tried to analyse the effect of changes in the price of these products on the final train and on the welfare of the consumer in other countries. But, there seems to be little literature on that of Ghana.This study therefore seeks to analyse the effect of changes in crude oil price on the necessitate of petroleum products in Ghana. The underlying assumption is that, any change in crude oil price manifest itself in the prices of the derived products such as petrol, diesel engine, LPG, kerosene and other petrochemicals. The study assiduous an econometric method as a way of examining and analysing the effect of changes in price of the various products on the total pick up of petroleum products (petrol, diesel, LPG and Kerosene) in Ghana from 2000 up to 2011. This study is organised into four chapters. Chapter one covered the Introduction. The background as well as the demand for petroleum and the theoretical framework are captured in chapter two. Chapter three contained the analysis and discussions of the findings. Chapter four is the concluding chapter. It also captures some recommendations.CHAPTER devil2.0 BACKGROUND2.1 Global Demand for Petroleum ProductsThe oil and Gas industry is one of the largest and complex global industries which touch almost every part of the valet life with products such as gas, kerosene, gasoil, lubri dirty dogts and thousands of petrochemicals products. The demand for crude oil is derived demand7. As indicated earlier on, crude oil in its original state has no value to the consumer until it is transformed into useable products such as Liquefied petroleum Gas (LPG), kerosene, Gasoline, Diesel and other petrochemicals8. The demand for these products over the past decade has been increasing in some(prenominal) industrial and developing economies9. on that point is no product price that has received so much predictions and speculations than crude oil price. But these predictions in most cases failed to produce the expected results. Like any other commodity in the market, the prices of these products as well as their demand, keep responding to changes in crude oil price and other market conditions10. According to Suleiman 2009, consumption of petroleum products in Indonesia has grown squeezeificantly and as a result, by 2004, Indonesia had become a net-importer of both crude oil and refined products11.2.2 Demand for Petroleum Products in GhanaThe Ghanaian economy depends solely on import f or its petroleum needs. The Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) is the whole refinery in the verdant charged with the responsibility of refining crude oil to produce petroleum products for domestic demand12. But, its inability to carry out this statute effectively and efficiently has given rise to importation of some petroleum products from neighbouring country13. Approximately, 70% of the demand is met with products are produced by TOR and the remaining 30% from imports. The country imported its entire crude oil requirement as at December 2010, which is refined at TOR. However, this is looking to change as the country right away produces oil in commercial quantities.The petroleum products marketed in Ghana are Premium Gasoline, Kerosene, Residual Fuel oil, Gas oil, LPG and Premix14. Bulk supply of these products is undeviating and is done through an extensive infrastructural network comprising of storage depots hardened at strategic parts of the country, pipelines for the movement of pet roleum products, Bulk Road Vehicles (BRVs) and also barges located on the Volta Lake15. The actual supplies however improved compared to the previous year and for that matter shortage of LPG and diesel were not as serious as in 2010. in that respect are a number of factors influencing the consumption of petroleum products in the country. Among these factors are prices of the various products, actually income of the consumer, changes in the number of consumers as well as the accessibility of these products. For instance, significant increases in retail prices of LPG for vehicular fuel have helped in reducing its consumption and on the other hand increase consumption of gasoline and invariably the sales of the latter16.Inability to raise the required and adequate funds for the required LPG import due to cross-subsidisation enjoyed by the product might have also contributed to moderate LPG consumption compared to the ability Commissions forecast during the year17. It was projected that the requirements for the major petroleum products-gasoline, kerosene, gas oil and LPG will increase significantly from 1.62 gazillion tons in 2005 to 2.49 million tons by 2015 representing an yearly growth rate of 5.3% over the period18.Access to petroleum products in Ghana is satisfactory, but has to be improved as the population grows.As at 2010 there were a total of 1700 petroleum products retail outlets of which 37% are Service station (SS), 20% are Filling Stations (FS) and 43% are Reseller Outlets (RO)19. The total number of retail outlets represents an access ratio of 71 retail outlets per 1,000,000 people20. There are also vendors who sell mainly kerosene in rural communities, thereby increasing the accessibility of petroleum products in most part of the country.The National Petroleum Authority (NPA) is a statutory agency responsible for regulating, overseeing and monitoring the petroleum downstream industry in Ghana to ensure efficiency, growth and consumer satisfact ion21. It is also charged with the responsibility of monitoring and regulating petroleum prices in accordance with the prescribed pricing formula. With strong economic growth and steady population growth over the past years, Ghanas total nil demand for petroleum products has grown substantially. Table 1 show the total demand for the various petroleum products in the country. It also included the Gross Domestic Product (gross domestic product) of Ghana from 2000 to 2011. Figure 1 shows the cause of movement for the same period under study. set back 1 throttleEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTION AND gross domestic productYEARPETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTIONGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)20005,536.304,977.5020015,895.205,176.6020026,109.005,409.5020036,048.205,690.8020046,338.106,009.5020056,505.106,364.1020067,131.706,771.4020077,407.607,208.8020087,526.307,816.5020098,160.408,180.6020108,349.908,722.2020118,877.109,890.90SOURCE National Energy Statistics 2000-2011From the table above, the total but ton demand for petroleum products 5,536.30 kilotonnes in 2000. This increased to about 8,877.10 by the end of 2011. It shows an average annual increase of 4.01% in brawniness demand. GDP which shows the real number income of the country was US$4,977.50 billion as at 2000 and increased to US$ 9,890.90 billion by the close of 2011. This also shows an average annual growth rate of 4.5% within the same period understudied. This is a clear indication that, as the real income of the country increases, more petroleum products are demanded even though price of crude oil was on the increase as indicated in table 2 below.FIGURE 1 TREND IN GDP AND TOTAL PETROLEUM PRODUCT DEMANDFrom figure1 above, it is clear that, there is a strong correlation between petroleum product demand and the GDP of Ghana. The trend shows that as GDP grows, demand for petroleum products grows as well. Its further shows that as the real income of consumers increase, they tend to demand more of these products and hence movement of the two curves in the same direction.TABLE 2 PRICES OF CRUDE OIL AND SOME PETROLEUM PRODUCTSYEARCRUDE OIL (Brent price US$)DIESEL PRICE (US$/l)PETROL PRICE (US$/l)KEROSENE PRICE (US$/l)LPG PRICE (US$/kg)200028.50.40.30.30.5200124.40.30.30.30.32002250.40.30.30.4200328.80.50.50.40.5200438.30.60.50.50.5200554.50.80.70.60.6200665.10.90.80.70.8200772.40.980.90.80.9200897.311.110.9200961.70.70.70.60.5201079.50.80.80.60.62011111.31.110.60.7SOURCE National Petroleum AuthorityFrom Table 2 also, it can be seen that crude oil price has been volatile, but generally on the rising side from 2000 up to 2011. The price of crude oil was US$ 28.5 in 2000 which decrease to about US$ 25 in 2002. It picked up again in 2003 and rose continuously to a high of US$ 111.3 by the end of 2011. Also prices of the various petroleum products responded accordingly to changes in the price of crude oil as indicated in table 2 above. In 2000, diesel was sell at US$ 0.4 per litre, petrol US$ 0.3 per litre , LPG US$ 0.5 per kg and kerosene was US$ 0.3 per litre. However, as crude price increases, the prices of diesel, petrol and kerosene also increased to US$ 1.1, US$1.0 and US$0.6 per litre respectively by the end of 2011. LPG also increased to US$ 0.7 per kg over the same period.FIGURE 2 TREND OF PRICES OF CRUDE OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTSFrom Figure 2 above, it is also clear that, the prices of the various petroleum products respond positively and today to changes in crude oil prices. This can be explained by the fact that, these products are derived from crude oil and hence, any change in its price or quantity will have corresponding effects on its products.2.3 Theoretical frameworkThe price of crude oil has been characterised by major swings especially in the 1970s and 2008 and has always impacted on the demand for petroleum products. This has increase the interest of many economists and other intellectuals and has since led to a number of studies that seek to investigate the rel ationships between real income, real prices and the consumption of petroleum products22.Dahl (1994) conducted a survey of petroleum demand in developing countries23. The result showed that the average price elasticity of demand of petroleum products for developing countries was -0.36, and income elasticity was 2.20. This suggested that, the demand for petroleum products is more responsive to changes in income than changes in real prices. Suleiman S.2009, used selection criteria from various models as way of cointegration approach to estimate the price and income elasticities of demand for total petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel in Indonesia. The results suggested that both total products and gasoline share estimates are more responsive to changes in income than changes in the real price of petroleum products. Based on this, he suggested that insurance policy makers may need to use market-based pricing policies and other policies such as public enlightenment in addition to regulations like minimum energy efficiency standards to promote efficiency and conservation and curb the rising consumption of petroleum products in Indonesia.24Akin et al 2009 conducted empirical studies which sort to estimate the demand elasticities of petroleum products in Nigeria. The study employed a multivariate cointegration approach to estimate both the short-run and long-run price and income elasticities. The result showed that, energy consumption responds positively to changes in GDP and negatively to changes in energy prices. The study concluded that both price and income elastticities are inelastic even though the elasticities of demand vary according to product type.25maria et al 2011 employed an econometric method developed by Deaton to calculate the price and income elasticities of demand for domestic energy in Mozambique. The calculations were done for all households at the national level, differentiating urban household from that of rural folks. The result show ed that the responsiveness to changes in both price and income were higher for high-grade energy sources such as gasoline, diesel and LPG and lower for low-grade sources such as charcoal and fire-wood. They concluded by indicating that, the potential for energy transition in the domestic context is not directly visible from the price and income elasticities.262.4 Methodo recordyFrom the theoretical framework above, Dahl (1994), Suleiman S. (2001) and Akin et al all employed the cointegration approach in analysing the relationship between demand of petroleum products and changes in price. Maria et al (2011) applied an econometric method developed by Deaton in their study27. This study come throughs the approach adopted by Maria et al (2011). It is advantageous because it uses unit set as the prices of goods and hence provides the opportunity for the use of individual(a) fuel prices. However, the usage of these unit values can lead to biased elasticity estimates28.The total demand for petroleum products (share of gasoline, Diesel Kerosene and LPG) can be specified as a function of real per capita GDP and real prices of Gasoline, Diesel, Kerosene and LPG. This can be modelled as followsED= f (GDP per capita, Price of Petrol, price of Diesel, price of Kerosene and price of LPG) (1)Forming a linear regression equation from the function givesEd= a0 + b0GPD/p + c0pP + d0pD + e0pK + f0pLPG + u0 (2)Both the dependent variable and the independent variables are transformed to natural logarithms and hence double log estimation equation. This is written as followslnEd= a0 + b0lnGPD/p + c0lnpP + d0lnpD + e0lnpK + f0lnpLPG + u0 (3)Ed.. Demand for petroleum productsGDP/p.. Gross Domestic Product per capitapP..price of petrolpD..price of DieselpK price of KerosenepLPGprice of Liquefied Petroleum Gasa0..constant termu0..stochastic termCHAPTER THREE3.0 ANALYSIS AND OUTCOMESUsing the double log estimation equation aslnEd= a0 + b0lnGDP/p + c0lnpP + d0lnpD + e0lnpK + f0lnpLPG + u0Where,Ed.. Demand for petroleum productsGDP/p.. .Gross Domestic Product per capitapP.. price of petrolpD. price of DieselpK..price of KerosenepLPG.price of Liquefied Petroleum Gasa0constant termu0stochastic termTABLE 3 REGRESSION ANALYSISlnGDP/plnpPlnpDlnpKlnpLGPcoefficients1.0174870.081134-0.02144560.049237-0.11419p- values0.0229040.8224550.9250980.7325470.276798R strong97.8%Confidence interval95%Standard error0.029936Source Arthurs construct3.1 Discussion of outcomes3.1.1 Gross Domestic Product per capitaFrom the analysis summarised in table 3, GDP per capita as a variable shows a positive sign in its coefficient against demand for petroleum products. This implies that, as real per capita income of consumers increases, their demand for petroleum products increase as well. Its p-value of 0.022904 is also below the significant level of 0.05 (95% confidence) which is an indication that, the effect of changes in GDP per capita on the demand for petroleum products is statistically significant.3.1.2 PetrolIn wrong of elasticities, a coefficient of 0.081134 for petrol shows that, the demand for it is inelastic. This implies that changes in the price of petrol leads to less than proportionate change in demand. The positive sign however does not follow the a priori expectation. But it shows that, over the period under study, there is a direct relationship between demands and price of petrol. Thus, any increase in the price petrol leads to an increase in its demand. The p- value however confirms that, this direct effect is not significant at 0.05 significance level since the value 0.822455 is greater than 0.05 (significance level).3.1.3 DieselFrom the table, the coefficient of diesel is quite revealing as it follows the a priori expectations in it demand. It has the expected negative sign which confirms that any increase in it price will result in decrease in it demand and hence decreasing the level of total demand for petroleum products in Ghana. But this is no t significant at 95% confidence interval as the p-value of 0.925098 is greater than 0.05.3.1.4 LGPAlso from the table, the coefficient of LPG revealed the a priori expectations in it demand. It has the expected negative sign which confirms that any increase in it price will result in decrease in it demand. This is an indication that, decrease in the level of total demand for petroleum products in Ghana can be the result of increases in the price of LPG.But this is also not statistically significant at 95% confidence interval as the p-value of 0.276798 is greater than 0.05. Thus, inelastic demand for LPG.3.1.5 KeroseneThe variable price of kerosene shows a positive sign. This sign again does not follow the a priori expectation. This result implies that, there is a direct relationship between demands of kerosene and its price and hence, any increase in the price kerosene leads to an increase in its demand. But this is not the case or the expectation as the demand for kerosene decrease due to increases in it price. However, the p- value shows that, this direct effect is not significant at 0.05 significance level since the value of 0.732547 is greater than 0.05.The R2 of the analysis is measures the overall goodness of fit of the regression. The test result indicates that, the R2 =0.978 = 97.8%. It shows that the independent variables (GDP per capita, price of petrol, price of diesel, price of LPG and price of kerosene) explain the dependent (demand for petroleum products) variable to the tune of 97.8%.CHAPTER FOUR4.0 ConclusionThis study analysed the effect of oil price change on the demand for petroleum products. This effect is analysed through the changes in the various prices of the major petroleum products (petrol, diesel, LPG and kerosene) consumed in Ghana from 2000 to 2011. The study employed a double log equation in its analysis. It included the Gross Domestic Product per capita as a measure of the real income of consumers. The results show that aggregate demand for petroleum products in Ghana follows with the a priori expectations of negative price elasticity and positive income elasticity. The results also showed that, the demand for petroleum products in Ghana has been on the increase from 2000 to 2011 and future still promise to show more increment if the economy maintain its strong growth pattern.The analysis of the results show that the real income of the consumer measured by GDP per capita has a positive sign which indicates that, as real per capita income of consumers increases, their demand for petroleum products increase as well. Its p-value of 0.022904 is also below the significant level of 0.05 (95% confidence) which shows that, the effect of changes in GDP per capita on the demand for petroleum products is statistically significant.The test result also shows that, for the period under consideration, the demand for the major petroleum products (petrol diesel LPG and kerosene) is inelastic even though their individual coe fficients vary. Their prices continue to increase throughout the period under consideration as oil price increases. Total demand for these products increase as well.Notwithstanding the values of the study, it should be noted that energy demand might assume different implications in different economic sectors. Different sectors of the economy have different consumption behaviours and as such, have different optimal demand decisions under the same constraints and do not necessarily demand the same services from the various energy forms. Sectoral analyses of the demand for petroleum products will therefore, offer an in-depth analysis in future research works.4.1 RecommendationIn terms of policy implications, the study recommend that policy makers should design policy frameworks that will promote energy efficiency and conservation. These policies can be market-based pricing and taxation policies, policy that can ensure minimum energy efficiency standards and has the tendency of informin g the public the consequences of the present trend in consumption and importation. Otherwise, the consumption of petroleum products is likely to continue to grow at a significant rate as long as per capita income continues to grow.

The Compiled Sync List of The Wizard of Oz :: The Wizard of Oz Movies Music Films Essays

The Compiled Sync List of The Wizard of Oz001-Echoes 1) The first indicator that everything is going right is the change from Speak to Me to emit which coincides exactly with the fade-in visual aspect of the name of producerMervyn LeRoy* timbre In the prologue the word Time ( unity of the songs on the CD) is written with a capital letter even though it isnt at the experience of the sentence. Also you will find the word Heart capitalized in the middle of a sentence (a sound particular to The Dark Side of the Moon). 2) Leave, tho dont leave me ... Auntie Em appears to say ... Leave ... to Dorothy and then Dorothy turns to leave looking a bit down in the mouth. 3) Right after the course ... Look around ... Dorothy looks around. 4) ... Smiles youll give and tears youll cry ... Two men above (Cowardly Lion and Tin Woodsman) are smiling and the man below (Scarecrow) is crying. This one is sort of not on time but worth the mention. 5) ... only you touch ... Dorothy touches the man (C owardly Lion) holding a bucket on his arm. *Note All you touch and completely you see is all your life will ever be Dorothys life will only really be all she touches and all she sees in her Kansas home because Oz exists only in her pretty little head. 6) ... When at last the work is done ... the man (Scarecrow) hits his finger with the hammer (to the beat of the hum no less) and is done with his work. 7) Right after ... Dig that hole ... the farm hand (Scarecrow) points to the ground as if telling Dorothy to dig a hole. 8) ... Balanced on the biggest wave ... Dorothy is balancing herself on the fence. 9) ... Race towards an early grave. is said at the moment just before Dorothy falls off the fence rail. ... Down in the pig-pen sayin keep on diggin ... Lyrics from Pigs (Three Different Ones) by Roger Waters on the Animals CD *Note ... Race towards an early grave ... Perhaps a reference to Judy Garlands untimely death? *Note Judy Garland died in 1969, the same year we put a man on t he moon ... Ill see you on the Dark Side of the Moon. 10) Song shifts from Breathe to On the Run at the same time (actually just slightly before) Dorothy falls off the fence.

A Letter To Shakespeare :: essays research papers

A Letter to Shakespe beJanuary 23, 1997 William Shakespeare Stratford upon AvonDear Mr. Shakespeare     Just recently, I assume represent what it probably your most highly acclaimedworks, Romeo and Juliet. I must give you credit for doing some bully work withit, being that there are many an(prenominal) people who enjoy it tremendously, however, I havea few problems with your bilgewater. I guess the main shoot that I am trying tostress, is that your story, yet good, is written to be understood by people frommany centuries ago. a good deal of the script is written in ageing English, and it is rattling hard to understand and comprehend for people living today. I know that thesetting for the story is several centuries ago, but I pretend that you could micturatea much than revised version of the story for people today to read.     One part that rattling stuck out to me was the very famous "balcony scene".Much of the language he re could use some revision. For example, when Julietsays, "Romeo, Romeo, where for art thou Romeo?", I think it would be overmuch discloseif she simply said something to the affect of "Romeo, where are you?" since thatis practically all she is saying. And at the end of the balcony scene, insteadof Juliet saying "Parting is such sweet sorrow," although that is very dramatic,she could just say something like, "I wish you didnt have to go so soon."     Another part that I noticed was in the scene where Mercutio wasinsulting Tybalt, respectable before they fought in the streets of Verona. Mercutiohad called Tybalt "prince of cats" since Tybalt was an ordinary name for signcats at that time. I think that it would be all right to keep this part,however you might wish to think about changing Tybalts name to something thatis more common for cats today like Felix or even better, Whiskers, however thatmight not be a suitable nam e for a normal person. I think that in making thesechanges in your story, that it would make it much easier to read for peopletoday, and I think that it might make school students who have to read it, likeit even more.     You might even want to think about changing the names of the charactersto something more modern, or even something just completely ill-considered so it wouldappeal to people even more. For example, you could change Romeo and Juliet toCocaine Chris and Kitty or Josh The Trashman and Maud. I think that wouldcapture the readers attention much better than just a couple of 16th centuryA Letter To Shakespeare essays research papers A Letter to ShakespeareJanuary 23, 1997 William Shakespeare Stratford upon AvonDear Mr. Shakespeare     Just recently, I have read what it probably your most highly acclaimedworks, Romeo and Juliet. I must give you credit for doing some great work withit, being that there are many people who enjoy i t tremendously, however, I havea few problems with your story. I guess the main point that I am trying tostress, is that your story, yet good, is written to be understood by people frommany centuries ago. Much of the script is written in old English, and it isvery hard to understand and comprehend for people living today. I know that thesetting for the story is several centuries ago, but I think that you could makea more revised version of the story for people today to read.     One part that really stuck out to me was the very famous "balcony scene".Much of the language here could use some revision. For example, when Julietsays, "Romeo, Romeo, where for art thou Romeo?", I think it would be much betterif she simply said something to the affect of "Romeo, where are you?" since thatis practically all she is saying. And at the end of the balcony scene, insteadof Juliet saying "Parting is such sweet sorrow," although that is very dram atic,she could just say something like, "I wish you didnt have to go so soon."     Another part that I noticed was in the scene where Mercutio wasinsulting Tybalt, right before they fought in the streets of Verona. Mercutiohad called Tybalt "prince of cats" since Tybalt was an ordinary name for housecats at that time. I think that it would be all right to keep this part,however you might want to think about changing Tybalts name to something thatis more common for cats today like Felix or even better, Whiskers, however thatmight not be a suitable name for a normal person. I think that in making thesechanges in your story, that it would make it much easier to read for peopletoday, and I think that it might make school students who have to read it, likeit even more.     You might even want to think about changing the names of the charactersto something more modern, or even something just completely stupid so it wouldappeal to peo ple even more. For example, you could change Romeo and Juliet toCocaine Chris and Kitty or Josh The Trashman and Maud. I think that wouldcapture the readers attention much better than just a couple of 16th century

Why Walker Percys Literature Truly Matters :: Biography Biographies Essays

Why pedestrian Percys Literature Truly Matters Did you ever have ane of those days when you just werent all there? when your body seemed to be doing your whole daily routine automatically? when nothing, not even the things you love most could lease you? I know I have. Walker Percy refers to this disengaged state as sunk in vulgarism and as dead in life (The Moviegoer 10). In his novels, Percy relates his fears that many of us are living in this automaton state perpetually without realizing it. He warns us that until we cure ourselves of this disease, our souls, our truest selves, will remain in bondage. Walker Percy began his life growing up in the South, and after finishing med. school, he interned to become a psychiatrist. Then a bout with tuberculosis drove Percy to bind his wife, convert to Catholicism, and give up his practice in pursuit of writing. After a writing essays for a time, Percy published his first novel, The Moviegoer, in 1961. Percys heritage shape his li terature from the beginning. As a Southerner, Percy understands the South better than other geographies and sets most of his scenes there. As a psychiatrist, Percy knows intimately what goes on in the minds of others, extremely valuable experience in character development. As a scientist, Percy understands the physical world well and notices things in nature that other authors would miss. As a Catholic, Percy wants to spread his faith to others, to part the joy he gets from his religion. All these experiences go into the mix in Percys writing and give his novels a unique, masterful style. Percys protagonists are all questing after an end to the everydayness of their old lives. They are leaving behind a life they see as a living death, and they all use disagreeent approaches to escaping it. In The Moviegoer, Binx Bolling goes on a see to find himself, his place in society, and what he believes. Will Barrett goes on a similar search in The Last Gentleman, a search to find his pla ce in the world. Binx and Will are both in their twenties and their searches are fitting for their ages. Percys later books use older characters and their search differ from the others accordingly. In The Second Coming, we meet Will Barrett again, but this time he is searching to find the truth about his past, prove the existence of God, and find a new occupation worthy of his time.

Vicos New Science: The Unity of Piety and Wisdom :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Vicos unexampled learning The Unity of Piety and WisdomABSTRACT In Vicos New Science wiseness is understood in a double sense. On the one hand, wisdom doer the poetic wisdom that provides intelligibility for the peoples of the nations during their early stages of development. On the other hand, wisdom means the noetic knowledge gained by the Vichian scientist who contemplates concrete historicity in the turn on of the New Science. By means of an examination of three principle aspects of Vicos science, and by facial expression to his mood of the origin of the most rudimentary institutions of humanity, primordial piety fear of the mythic other is shown to be the origin of poetic wisdom. And, by focusing on the necessity of surmounting the conceit of scholars and the conceit of nations for a science of universal history, philosophical piety openness to the wholly Other is revealed as the ground of philosophical wisdom. This authorship sets out to show how Vicos science of the pri nciples of humanity is, at the same time, a science of the unity of piety and wisdom. In the final paragraph of his magnum opus, the New Science, Giambattista Vico (1668-1744) provides a summarizing statement concerning the overall character of the workInsomma, da tutto ci che si quest opera ragionato, da finalmente conchiudersi che questa Scienza porta indivisiblmente seco lo studio della piet, e che, se non siesi pio, non si pu daddovero esser saggio. To sum up, from all that has been set forth in this work, it is to be finally concluded that this science carries inseparably with it the study of piety, and that he who is not holier-than-thou cannot be truly wise.Why did Vico conclude the New Science with the assertion that, from everything set forth in this work, this science carries inseparably with it the study of piety? And why did he choose to end the New Science with the declaration He who is not pious, cannot be truly wise? In what sense is Vicos New Science a science of piety? Vicos conception of the ideal eternal history the universal pattern of the histories of all the nations signifies a passage from the traditional metaphysical conception of history, as the history of beings, to a metaphysic or science of the certain as the certain reflects or embodies the common nature of nations. This common nature of nations, moreover, is seen in the light of divine providence.