Strengthening Community Resilience Through Disaster Risk Management Environmental Sciences Essay

Strengthening Community Resilience done with(p) hazard chance steering Environmental Sciences Essay mishaps pose atrocious threats to knowledge as it holds back countrys progress and its achievement towards the Millennium training Goals (MDGs) while highlighting, disassociateicularly among hap slight countries, the prevailing meagerness situation.Despite billions of reckon spent by the government and assistance from the outside(a) ripening organizations for ripening platforms and suggests, interference of misadventures could put these app bent escapements into nonhing as happenings could resultant to immense physical, economical and psycho-social damages and decades of growth could be wiped out in a minute. chances nullify infrastructures, much(prenominal) as roads, bridges, communication satellites, constructs, schools and houses. It keep besides damage animation and agriculture from pest infestations to droughts, entire rains and floods, which co uld wreak havoc on the completed residential district livelihood. Moreover, as chance happens, it displaces stack and exposes them to diseases and injuries which could further lead them to hardship, starvation and deprivation. In general fortuity bottomland lead to loss of unexclusive and private picks and investments, disruption on the production of goods and provision of services, loss of role for formal and non-formal economy, interruption of knowledge programs and switching of crucial resources to opposite short needs such(prenominal)(prenominal) as recovery and emergency response programs, and health concerns (UNDP-DMTP, 1994).These problems on natural hazards argon further compounded by the issues of modality mixed bag. misadventure happens and modality channelise argon threats to gracious easily- creation and adversely reinforce each former(a). Disaster happen is an intrinsic characteristic of human society, arising from the combination of natural and human f proletarians and subject to exacerbation or dec statement by human agency (OBrien, 20087). The effects of humor channelise can increase calamity chances, by changing the magnitude and frequency of extreme sluicets. The changes in the average climatic conditions and climate variability, affect the lowlying danger factors, and generate new threats, which could create more(prenominal) than serious consequences to human and the purlieu (Tearfund, 2008). The increasing global average temperature, occurrence of extreme weather tied(p)ts, changes in precipitation and sea level rises would, likewise, adversely affect human health, agriculture, forests, body of water resources, and coastal argonas. Direct jounces be less victuals production, increase ladder of infectious diseases including vector-borne and water-related diseases, decline in fresh water resources and indirect impacts such as increase in prices of goods and services. These ultimately increase poverty . The execrable, assailable and at risk communities atomic phone number 18 to the highest degreely affected for they energize few options (DAP, 2010).Disaster is indeed a development concern hitherto in spite of this experience, we fight that more an(prenominal) adventures be rooted mainly from many development chastisements (UN-ISDR, 2010). The overlook of appropriate development throwning where disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation atomic number 18 loosely or weakly coordinated into the topical anaesthetic and national agenda is seen as a weakness to development. And the deficiency of top-d feature and one-way fire in spateing with disaster direction, is considered toothless stance in providing rightful and productive solutions among problems encountered at the partnership level, frequently, resulting to failure in book of factsing topical anaesthetic needs, untapped potential local resources and capacities, consequently, increasing m ountains vulnerabilities (Victoria, 2003).Nevertheless, with the switch paradigm from emergency caution to disaster risk charge, and the growing cite on confederacy partnership, this shed another area where par whollyel effort from the national, local and union levels can be harmonized and replicated. And in line with partnership participation, the Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) emerged to address the needs of under fire(predicate) communities and to emend their disaster resiliency. It is an approach that emphasizes active interestingness of communities while strongly locates bulk at the heart of the decision make and implementation of disaster risk management activities (ADPC-CBDRM-11, 2003).Purpose and ObjectivesThe paper proposes to stop how Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) increases confederation resiliencies and contributes towards climate change adaptation.The objectives of this regard are to explain the features, work outes a nd actors of the CBDRM and how it contributes to friendship resiliency identify the strengths and weaknesses of the approach deep down the frame of lodge participation and participatory development to cite lift out practices of CBDRM applications, and to provide recommendations for future indemnity and research studies.Methodology and LimitationsThe paper explores the potential and potential of CBDRM to address impact of climate change variability. The arguments rendered are mainly ground on deskwork and cursory research that is limited to literature freshen from available case studies, articles and publications from versatile local, national and multinational sources.The paper is dissever into four parts. First, we link disaster risk management with climate change adaptation by identifying their greennessalities and differences. Second, we closely examine what CBDRM is, its feature, servees and actors involved. Third, we determine what would be the serviceable limita tions or challenges in applying union participation in disaster management. Fourth, we overstep practical examples by listing down several good practices of CBDRM being apply in distinct countries. And fifth, we provide conclusions and recommendations.Linking Disaster Risk Management and mode Change AdaptationAs noted, disasters suck in enormous impact on human development while changes in climate result further extend the challenges brought by disasters. With the increasing concerns on its impact, this has emphasized the pressing move from disaster response to preventive measures mainly objectiveed at minify the likelihood that a natural hazard translates into a disaster. The shift to disaster risk management (DRM) from emergency management, implies addressing underlying social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities to overthrow the probability of a disaster occurring. Moreover, DRM tries to address hazard risks as an intact part of development. DRM is based on a co ntinuous sound judgement of vulnerabilities and risks and involves many actors and stakeholders, such as governments, technical experts and local communities. (Sperling, F., et.al., 2005 11).According to ISDR, policy responses concern with disaster risk management and adaptation to climate change deliver essential a large divers(prenominal) tracks (Sperling, F., et.al., 2005 12). The DRM, on one hand, is based on humanitarian assistance efforts the specific response measures are based from pile up experiences of exposure to disasters. The responses are localized with broader preventive measures with the consume of addressing vulnerabilities. On the other hand, response to climate change, being a global issue, has been mostly top-down process finished advances in scientific research leading to international policy responses through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Responses to climate change are categorized under temperance and adaptation w hich are both interdependent moderateness tackling the cause of climate change, while adaptation tackling the effects. (Sperling, F., et.al., 2005).DRM and adaptation to climate change have commonalities and differences.On their commonalities, the policies and measures for both areas are concerned with risk management approach with the aim of addressing the underlying vulnerabilities. While both acknowledge that the degree of vulnerability is a function of the magnitude of physical exposure and prevalent environmental and socioeconomic conditions thus both depend on evaluating risks, vulnerabilities and possible remedial measures characterized as being continuous process and forward looking perspective. Additionally on dealing climate change risks, the adaptation measures is based on the existing vulnerability to climate variability and extremes hence improving the capacity of communities, governments or regions to deal with up-to-date climate vulnerabilities is likely to improve their capacity to deal with future climatic changes (Sperling, 200516).On their differences, the time horizons for DRM is concerned more of the show up or near term trends, that is 5-10 years, while climate change projections are usually 20 or even hundred more years. other is on physical exposure mitigating disaster is different from climate change mitigation. The former is centreed on limiting the adverse impact of a particular hazard while the latter is a function inwardly the capacity of humans to influence their exposure to change, concluding that climate change is largely impelled by anthropogenic activities. Lastly, on the scope of disaster, DRM implys not only climate related disasters such as hydro-meteorological (torrential rain, floods, droughts, storms) but also geo-morphological (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions) hazards (Sperling, 2005).Supporting the claim of Sperling (200517), DRM and adaptation to climate change have converging agendas this therefore offers an opportunity to build a comprehensive risk management framework which recognizes current and future vulnerabilities as well as the compound effects of quintuple disasters within a given region.This brings us next to a specific DRM approach where its aim is to increase association resiliency through the active participation of community members.The Community-Based Disaster Risk Management ApproachMainstreaming disaster risk reduction (DRR), as part of the DRM framework, into national and local development agenda is among the crucial concerns for many international organizations, national governments, civil society organizations, research groups, and local development actors. The recognition on its importance stemmed out from understanding the link in the midst of development and disaster, and disaster intensity and climate change.Under DRR lens, disasters are seen as complex problems that demand collective movements from different sectors hence, this locates community at the mi nd of disaster management. As defined by Abarquez (2004), communities are group of people that may share one or more things in common such as living in the same environment and akin(predicate) disaster risk exposure. Their differentiation in terms of socio-economic aspects, linkages and dynamics are several factors that contribute to their vulnerabilities. By and large, it is the communities who are directly affected by both development and disasters, for being either beneficiaries or victims of the two circumstances. They are the front liners. They understand their local opportunities and constraints and they are the most interested in understanding local affairs where survival and well-being is at stake. Hence, integrate them within disaster risk management framework entails a hopeful outcome.Whereas, a growing consensus asserts that most top-down disaster risk management and response programs fail to address specific local needs of vulnerable communities, ignore the potential o f local resources and capacities, and may in most cases even increase peoples vulnerability (Abarquez, 200412).Community participation provides opportunities for the poor to air their concerns, and allowing the poor to have more control over development assistance. This curbs that allocation of development funds is antiphonary to the needs of the poor, better stubing of poverty programs, more responsive government and better delivery of public goods and services, better maintained community assets, and a more informed and involved citizenry that is capable of set about self-initiated development activity (Mansuri, 2003 2). According to World Bank, in general, community driven development aims to (i) compound sustainability (ii) improve efficiency and effectiveness (iii) allow poverty reduction efforts to be taken to scale (iv) make development more inclusive (v) empower poor people, build social capital, and strengthen institution and (vi) complement market and public sector ac tivities. (Mansuri, 2003 2)The CBDRM provides opportunities for the local community to tax their situations based on their own experiences and promotes participation and partnership. They take responsibility for all stages of the program including both planning and implementation, and in partnership with local, provincial, and national entities. As defined,CBDRM is a process of disaster risk management in which at risk communities are actively engaged in the assignment, analysis, treatment, ob reply and paygrade of disaster risks in aver to precipitate their vulnerabilities and enhance their capacities. This means that the people are at the heart of decision making and implementation of disaster risk management activities. (Abarquez, 20049).Given the existing natural hazards and vulnerabilities of a community, the CBDRM process should lead to progressive improvements in public safety and community disaster resilience. And it should contribute to equitable and sustainable commu nity development in the broad term (Abarquez, 200420)As shown in the conceptual framework below, natural hazards such as hydro-meteorological, geo-morphological and climate change induced hazards can interplay with existing community vulnerabilities which in turn could pose high risks to the affected community. As a consequence of a disastrous event, people are helpless victims who imprecate heavily on away assistance for aid. The cost and damage taskment is done by external experts, and recommendations are usually mainly focus on material or physical aid and technical solutions. receivable to lack of community plan, outside donors decide on what the needs are. The aim of existing disaster management is to reduce the immediate suffering and oppose emergency needs and bring back the situation into normal.With the application of CBDRM approach, people participate in disaster management, where people are involved in planning, decision-making, damage, needs and capacity sagacious ness. The people perceived as active actors in rebuilding their lives and livelihood. The focus is community preparedness and strengthening the organization with the aim of reducing vulnerabilities and increase peoples capacity to better cope with disasters. With the result of safe, disaster-resilient and developed community, this ultimately contributes towards poverty reduction.Figure Conceptual FrameworkThe CBDRM FeaturesIn unofficial the CBDRM features as according to Abarquez (2004) areRole of community is central in disaster risk management. That is, local people are capable of initiating and sustaining their own development and they are the prime movers in reducing disaster risks in their community.Community is the key resource in disaster risk management. The communities are the main beneficiaries, the same way that they are the key resource and frontline actor in the CBDRM implementation.The aim is disaster risk reduction. The main strategy is to enhance capacities and res ources of most vulnerable groups and to reduce their vulnerability in order to stay off the occurrence of disasters in future.Recognition of the link between disaster risk management and the development process. CBDRM should lead to general improvement in peoples type of life and the natural environment. The approach assumes that addressing the root causes of disasters, e.g. poverty, discrimination and marginalization, poor presidency and bad political and economic management, would contribute towards the overall improvement in the quality of life and environment.Application of multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary approaches. CBDRM brings together local community and even national stakeholders for disaster risk management to expand its resource base.CBDRM recognizes that different people have different comprehensions of risk, different vulnerabilities and capacities.The CBDRM ProcessThe CBDRM process entails a thorough assessment of the communitys hazard exposure and analysis o f their vulnerabilities as well as capacities. The gathered information serves as the basis for activities, projects and programs to reduce disaster risks. Community involvement is required in the process of assessment, planning, and implementation to ensure that all needs and concerns felt at the local level are considered and appropriately tackled.Using the NGO CBDRM implementation perspective, according to Luna (2007) and Abarquez (2004), generally the processes includeCommunity/site selection and partnership building. Communities that are very vulnerable are selected, based on previous experiences in disaster and current threats. Other criteria include the poverty situation, interest and cooperation of the LGU officials, accessibility of the area, the peace and order situation, and the presence of local workers in the community.Formation and training of Community Disaster performance mechanism Teams and Volunteers. Training of the local government officials and community leade rs are done to enhance their capacity for disaster prevention, mitigation and response. The training is done in participatory manner in such a way that after the series of training, the participants would be able to come out with community assessment, hazards maps, and plan for disaster mitigation projects. The participatory rural appraisal techniques are used for community assessment.Hazard mapping. Actual on-site mapping of the community is done by the volunteers using ocular survey and global perspective system. This is a diagnostic process to identify the risks that the community faces and how people batter those risks. The process involves hazard assessment, vulnerability assessment and capacity assessment. In doing the assessments, peoples perception of risk is considered. People themselves identify risk reduction measures that will reduce vulnerabilities and enhance capacities. These risk reduction measures are then translated into a community disaster risk management plan. Formulation of the Local Disaster Action Plans. The community assessments and the hazard map became the basis for formulating a local disaster action plan.Plan Integration and Implementation. The plan formulated by the Disaster Action Team is forwarded to the local council for integration in comprehensive development plan. The Community Disaster Action Teams and Volunteers should lead to the implementation of the community plan and motivate the other members of the community to software documentation the activities in the plan.Project monitoring and evaluation by the community, local government and outside evaluators.The CBDRM ActorsUnder CBDRM local community serves as the main actor together with the participation and upkeep from other stakeholders.The actors in the CBDRM are composed of two layers, the insiders and the outsiders. Actors in the inward layer are the man-to-mans, family, organizations and other stakeholders who are located within the community. The multiple stak eholders such as farmers, fishers, women, laborers, youth and other members of the community that has special concerns and needs, with their differing perceptions, and interests are important to be considered in arriving in a broad consensus on targets, strategies and methodologies in the community. The outsiders refer to those sectors and agencies which are located outside of the community. These are external NGOs, national government agencies and other international organizations (Abarquez, 2004).This brings us to a amity of the shortcomings and limitations of participatory development.Limitations and Challenges of Community Participation in Disaster Managementthough we have argued that community participation in the context of disaster management is imperative, there are still several debates under the context of participatory development that could somehow influence its successful implementation, hence, should be taken into eyeshade especially during the planning phase of the CBDRMFirst, the complexity of individual motivations. It is nasty to move a community towards certain direction, particularly if its members have different interests and motivations. As noted earlier, community is a complex social structure comprised of different perspectives, opinions and motivations. Conversely, motivation and willingness to participate is dictated by individual thinking and driven by own underlying interests. Their experiences on disasters could influence their behavior however for community members who have not experienced extreme natural disaster, nurture their interest in prevention and capacity building becomes more difficult as it seems abstract for them, unlike physical measures or infrastructure such as installing early warning devices and others. Similarly, exposure to external assist could influence communitys interest to participate this is in particular to urban areas, who have become accustomed to receiving external assistance thus their reluctanc e to strive risk management on their own (Solo, n.d.).Another area under this is the personal-driven motivations with vested interests that could influence, hamper or even deviate the result of the participatory development process. And politicians or soon to be politicians find this kind of activity personally beneficial for them.Second, participation requires effort and time. The CBDRM implementation is comprised of various activities, such as planning and capacity buildings, that require active and continuous participation from various stakeholders. While these activities involved a considerable time and effort, some community members perceive these series of participation as waste of time and/or economically unproductive activity, thus opt to focus more on their work and earn money, instead. While for the part of the organizer, participatory process such as public consultation is also time consuming. Organizing requires proper and detailed planning for scheduling of activitie s, identifying stakeholders, sending out invitation and confirming attendance. The quality and productiveness of the activity is affected by the possible low turn-out of attendance among target participants.Second, restricted women participation and cultural boundaries. The CBDRM puts emphasis on the different risks and vulnerabilities face up by members of the communities, such that, male perceived risks differently as compared to female, and convertible with adult to children. However, some culture restricts participation and voluntarism concrete example is on women participation. There are some cultures that confine womens role within the boundaries of municipal activities. Despite the current effort to gender mainstream disaster reduction, with the consequent enormous household tasks directly or indirectly imposed to them, these offer women less time to interact in social activities and participate in community development actions.Third, local power relation within the commun ity. The dynamics that exists within the community is clearly manifested on the relationship between the rich and poor, elite group and commoners, and literate and illiterate. These relationships bring us to the questions on who can really participate, who can talk and verbalize their opinions during public consultations or workshops. Often times, those who are sound and have time to participate dominate the demonstrateion, while leaving after part the poor and the illiterate who has the greater degree of vulnerability. To put stress further, the UNDP states that the communities who are most vulnerable to natural events are frequently those who have a disproportionately high number of illiterate members (Solo, n.d.).Fourth, local knowledge influenced by local power relations. CBDRM builds on the existing local knowledge to assess community risks, and serve as basis in developing plans. However, local knowledge can be influenced by local power relations, billet and gender (Mosse, 2002). Other personalities or stakeholders may impute their own interests to or influence the local knowledge which would not necessarily resolve the issues of disaster risks or lead for the greater and common interests of improving community resiliency.Fifth, creating development fatigue among stakeholders. Since participatory development is among the most popular approaches in development, many development initiatives have embraced and integrated it within their programs and projects. Consultations and/or collaboration among stakeholders has been repeatedly being undertaken along different stages of one or more different programs and projects, this repeated process could eventually create fatigue among stakeholders, especially when despite of continuing consultations no advancement or progress is achieved.These are some of the limitations and challenges that may be faced by project implementers of CBDRM. And to understand more what CBDRM is as applied to real world, the next part gives us practical examples illustrating how CBDRM could potentially increase community resiliency.CBDRM Good PracticesGlobally, CBDRM has been promoted as an approach to improve community resiliency. International development organizations and non-government organizations strongly lobby CBDRM for policy toleration and mainstreaming in the disaster management framework of national and local governments. Currently, most CBDRM projects are led by local and international NGOs, either in partnership with other civil society organizations, NGOs, international development organizations or local government. The United Nation International Strategy for Disaster decrement compiled the good practices in CBDRM that illustrates how communities have worked together towards a common tendency and benefitted from their undertaking. Below are some of the examples that are considered CBDRM good practices and linked with climate change adaptation being implemented in different countries.Involving c ommunity members in increasing public awareness and capacity building through creating information campaigns to enhance the safety of the population at risk. The project stimulates creative thinking and innovativeness from the local actors and similarly optimizes local knowledge and local resources in a way easily understandable to the local community members. This is a project implemented in Haiti in 22 settlements in coordination with their Local civilized Protection Committees (LCPCs) through the assistance from Oxfam GB.Another is creating access among low income groups to disaster micro- insurance policy scheme. Taking into account that risk transfer supports sustainable economic recovery, micro-insurance could serve as a cushion to lessen impact of disaster, particularly among the poor victims whom majority have little or no access to risk transfer schemes. Micro-insurance represents an innovative approach to risk identification, pooling and transfer wherein risk is transferr ed from the individual level to the community or inter-community levels. With the implementation of micro-insurance, this elicit positive feedbacks from the communities claiming that insurance in times of crisis is essential, the affordability of the scheme makes it accessible for the poor households, and which consequently result to reduced dependence from outside relief. This is the approach of the Afat Vimo scheme, a project implemented in India, which is part of the Regional Risk Transfer Initiative (RRTI), an action learning project (ALP) of the Gujaratbased All India Disaster Mitigation Institute (AIDMI).With the long drought being experienced, crop failures and the consequent food shortage, this has led a community in Indonesia to identify a mechanism to prevent food shortage. The community established a monitoring system for food protection and livelihood and community early warning system largely based from their indigenous knowledge in combination with modern science. The project has tercet components community awareness and indicator development to monitor food gage and livelihood community early warning system and advocacy on appropriate agricultural system such as promotion of crops adapted for drought-prone land. The project is in partnership with local NGO aiming to increase community resilience from drought in Southeastern Indonesia.Another project where it illustrates that local context of communities can be a dynamic force in reducing risks, is on creating flood and typhoon-resilient homes through employing a cost-effective retrofitting. The program central theme is to make families and the community active players in the process of reducing the vulnerability through the integration of storm resistant techniques in existing and future houses and buildings. It involves local and grassroots consultation and preventive action planning. The project is Development Workshop France (DWF), a program initiated in Vietnam through Canadian Internati onal Development Agency (CIDA) and European Commission human-centered aid Office (ECHO)In order to understand local environmental situation, develop awareness and capacity to deal with, and to contribute to relevant policy formulation, one of the communities in Namibia established an inter-community platform and local-level monitoring as support for local decision making. The plat-form serves as medium for community organization and communication. Moreover, the approach strengthens capacity among the community to coordinate their own activities and preparing their development plans. The local-level monitoring, on the other hand, is used to support information exchange and decision making knowing by the communities. The communities identify relevant indicators to monitor their livelihoods including key environmental elements. They discuss the results, analyze them and use them where appropriate for decision making. This provides a tool for identification of environmental changes af fecting livelihoods that may be based on management actions, climate variability, policy changes or other factors. The project contributes to capacity building and institutional development among communities so they can enhance their own resource management and livelihoods and thereby enhance their capacity to manage and reduce risks related to drought and desertification and other potential disasters. This is a project implemented in Namibia, where several policy instruments have been influenced by the project and a number of derivative projects are ongoing.The convergence of a community-level approach and city governments participation strengthens sustainability and ownership this is the underlying assumption in one of the CBDRM projects in the Philippines. Wherein, it mainstream community-based mitigation in the city governance through partnering with the local government in the implementation of the project. The project has five (5) components, these are (i) CBDRM participatory risk assessment training of trainers (ToT) for the city officials, who in turn provide training to communities reactivation of the urban center Disaster Coordinating Council and Barangay Disaster Coordinating Council institutionalization of a school Disaster Safety Day celebration of the Disaster Safety Day in all schools developing and implementing a City Disaster Risk lessening Plan. This is a CBDRM project implemented in the P